(a) A lawyer is bound by the Rules of Professional Conduct notwithstanding that the lawyer acted at the direction of another person.

(b) A subordinate lawyer does not violate the Rules of Professional Conduct if that lawyer acts in accordance with a supervisory lawyer’s reasonable resolution of an arguable question of professional duty.

Background

The Louisiana Supreme Court adopted this rule on January 21, 2004. It became effective on March 1, 2004, and has not been amended since. This rule is identical to ABA Model Rule of Professional Conduct 5.2 (2002).

Comments to ABA Model Rule 5.2

[1] Although a lawyer is not relieved of responsibility for a violation by the fact that the lawyer acted at the direction of a supervisor, that fact may be relevant in determining whether a lawyer had the knowledge required to render conduct a violation of the Rules. For example, if a subordinate filed a frivolous pleading at the direction of a supervisor, the subordinate would not be guilty of a professional violation unless the subordinate knew of the document’s frivolous character.

[2] When lawyers in a supervisor-subordinate relationship encounter a matter involving professional judgment as to ethical duty, the supervisor may assume responsibility for making the judgment. Otherwise a consistent course of action or position could not be taken. If the question can reasonably be answered only one way, the duty of both lawyers is clear and they are equally responsible for fulfilling it. However, if the question is reasonably arguable, someone has to decide upon the course of action. That authority ordinarily reposes in the supervisor, and a subordinate may be guided accordingly. For example, if a question arises whether the interests of two clients conflict under Rule 1.7, the supervisor’s reasonable resolution of the question should protect the subordinate professionally if the resolution is subsequently challenged.

Annotations

Generally

A lawyer working at the direction of another lawyer or nonlawyer is not excused from responsibility for violating these rules merely because the subordinate lawyer dutifully followed instructions. Thus, there is generally no “Nuremberg Defense” for lawyers who are merely carrying out the orders of a superior. See La. Rules of Professional Conduct Rule 5.2(a) (2004); see also Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers § 12(1) (2000). Moreover, as to the appropriate sanction for a disciplinary violation, it is not a “mitigating factor” that the client “made the lawyer do it.” See ABA Stds. for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions std. 9.4(b) (1986). Note, however, that a young lawyer’s “inexperience in the practice of law” may be a factor mitigating the sanction imposed under certain circumstances. See id. std. 9.32(f).

Limited Safe Harbor

Notwithstanding the general rule set forth in paragraph (a), paragraph (b) provides a limited safe harbor for lawyers subject to supervision. When a subordinate lawyer follows the “reasonable” advice of a supervisor on an “arguable question of professional duty,” the subordinate lawyer is relieved of responsibility. La. Rules of Professional Conduct Rule 5.2(b) (2004); see also Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers § 12(2) (2000); ABA Comm. on Ethics and Professional Responsibility, Formal Op. 347 (1981).

Disciplinary Sanctions

Absent aggravating or mitigating circumstances, the following sanctions are generally appropriate in cases involving violations of Rule 5.2: disbarment, when the lawyer knowingly engages in conduct that is a violation of a duty owed to the profession with the intent to obtain a benefit for the lawyer or another, and causes serious or potentially serious injury to a client, the public, or the legal system; suspension, when the lawyer knowingly engages in conduct that is a violation of a duty owed to the profession, and causes injury or potential injury to a client, the public, or the legal system; reprimand, when the lawyer negligently engages in conduct that is a violation of a duty owed to the profession, and causes injury or potential injury to a client, the public, or the legal system; and, admonition, when the lawyer engages in an isolated instance of negligence that is a violation of a duty owed to the profession, and causes little or no actual or potential injury to a client, the public or the legal system. See ABA Stds. for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions stds. 7.0-7.4 (1992).

Notes

^*This page was updated on October 1, 2009.